Compute George's index (George 1961; Tucker and Wright 1965; Nichols and Heydecker 1968; Chopra and Chaudhary 1980) , Timson's index or Timson's germination velocity index (Grose and Zimmer 1958; Timson 1965; Lyon and Coffelt 1966; Chaudhary and Ghildyal 1970; Negm and Smith 1978; Brown and Mayer 1988; Baskin and Baskin 1998) and it's modifications by Labouriau (Ranal and de Santana 2006) and (Khan and Ungar 1984) .
TimsonsIndex(
germ.counts,
intervals,
partial = TRUE,
total.seeds,
max,
modification = c("none", "labouriau", "khanungar")
)
GermRateGeorge(germ.counts, intervals, partial = TRUE, max)Germination counts at each time interval. Can be partial
or cumulative as specified in the argument partial.
The time intervals.
logical. If TRUE, germ.counts is considered as
partial and if FALSE, it is considered as cumulative. Default is
TRUE.
Total number of seeds.
The maximum interval value up to which Timson's index/George's germination rate is to be computed.
The modification to be applied. Either "none",
"labouriau" or "khanungar". Default is "none" (see
Details).
For TimsonsIndex, the value of Timson's index (%) if
modification = "none". If modification = "labouriau", then
value with no unit and if modification = "khanungar", then value as
% \(\mathrm{time^{-1}}\).
For GermRateGeorge The value of George's germination rate as
\(count time\).
Timson's index (Timson 1965) is computed as follows (Grose and Zimmer 1958; Brown and Mayer 1988; Baskin and Baskin 1998) .
\[\Sigma k = \sum_{i=1}^{k}G_{i}\]
Where, \(G_{i}\) is the cumulative germination percentage in time interval \(i\) and \(k\) is the total number of time intervals.
For example ten summation (\(\Sigma 10\)) is expressed as follows.
\[\Sigma 10 = G_{1}+G_{2}+\cdots+G_{10}\]
Where \(G_{1},G_{2},\cdots G_{10}\) are the cumulative germination percentage at day 1, 2, 3, \(\cdots\), 10 respectively.
Similarly \(\Sigma 5\) or \(\Sigma 20\) can be estimated. For \(\Sigma 10\), the value can range from 0 (no germination) to 1,000 (100% germination after 24 hours).
It is the progressive total of cumulative germination percentage recorded at specific intervals for a set period of time. It combines onset, rate and total percentage of germination and estimates the area under the cumulative germination percentage curve. It is same as the indices for area under time course curve of germination described by Lyon and Coffelt (1966) as well as Negm and Smith (1978) . It is also described as Emergence Rate Index (\(ERI\)) by Chaudhary and Ghildyal (1970) .
Goodchild and Walker (1971) , described the same in terms of partial germination percentage as follows.
\[\Sigma k = \sum_{i=1}^{k}g_{i}(k-j)\]
Where, \(g_{i}\) is the germination (not cumulative, but partial germination) in time interval \(i\) (\(i\) varying from \(0\) to \(k\)), \(k\) is the total number of time intervals, and \(j = i - 1\).
Timson's index is equivalent to the Germination Energy Index \(GEI\) proposed by Grose and Zimmer (1958) .
As Timson's index is useful for comparison only when samples have similar
germinabilities or final germination percentage, the following modification
was suggested by Labouriau (Ranal and de Santana 2006)
(Specified by the argument modification = "labouriau").
\[\Sigma k_{mod} = \frac{\Sigma k}{\sum_{i=1}^{k}g_{i}}\]
Here Timson's index (\(\Sigma k\)) is divided by the sum of partial germination percentages.
Similarly another modification was proposed by
(Khan and Ungar 1984)
, where Timson's index
(\(\Sigma k\)) is divided by the total time period of germination
(\(T_{k}\)) (Specified by the argument modification =
"khanungar").
\[\Sigma k_{mod} = \frac{\Sigma k}{T_{k}}\]
Timson's index is similar to the Germination Rate (\(GR\)) proposed by George (1961) as follows (Tucker and Wright 1965; Nichols and Heydecker 1968) .
\[GR = \sum_{i=1}^{k}N_{i}K_{i}\]
Where \(N_{i}\) is the number of seeds germinated by \(i\)th interval, \(K_{i}\) is the number of intervals(e.g. days) until the end of the test, and \(k\) is the total number of time intervals.
This index uses number of seeds germinated instead of germination percentage. It is also described as Emergence Rate Index (\(ERI\)) by Chopra and Chaudhary (1980) .
So germination rate (\(GR\)) can also be described in terms of partial (\(N_{i}\)) and cumulative (\(\sum_{j=1}^{i}N_{j}\)) number of seeds germinated in each time interval (\(i\)) as follows.
\[GR = \sum_{i=1}^{k}\sum_{j=1}^{i}N_{j}\]
\[GR = \sum_{i=1}^{k}N_{i}(k-j)\]
Baskin CC, Baskin JM (1998).
Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination.
Academic Press, San Diego.
ISBN 0-12-080260-0.
Brown RF, Mayer DG (1988).
“Representing cumulative germination. 1. A critical analysis of single-value germination indices.”
Annals of Botany, 61(2), 117--125.
Chaudhary TN, Ghildyal BP (1970).
“Effect of temperature associated with levels of bulk density on rice seedling emergence.”
Plant and Soil, 33(1), 87--90.
Chopra UK, Chaudhary TN (1980).
“Effect of soil temperature alteration by soil covers on seedling emergence of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) sown on two dates.”
Plant and Soil, 57(1), 125--129.
George DW (1961).
“Influence of germination temperature on the expression of post-harvest dormancy in wheat.”
In Crop Science Abstracts; Western Society of Crop Science Annual Meeting, 1961, 15.
Goodchild NA, Walker MG (1971).
“A method of measuring seed germination in physiological studies.”
Annals of Botany, 35(141), 615--621.
Grose RJ, Zimmer WJ (1958).
“Some laboratory germination responses of the seeds of river red gum, Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. Syn. Eucalyptus rostrata Schlecht.”
Australian Journal of Botany, 6(2), 129.
Khan MA, Ungar IA (1984).
“The effect of salinity and temperature on the germination of polymorphic seeds and growth of Atriplex triangularis Willd.”
American Journal of Botany, 71(4), 481--489.
Lyon JL, Coffelt RJ (1966).
“Rapid method for determining numerical indexes for time-course curves.”
Nature, 211(5046), 330--330.
Negm FB, Smith OE (1978).
“Effects of ethylene and carbon dioxide on the germination of osmotically inhibited lettuce seed.”
Plant Physiology, 62(4), 473--476.
Nichols MA, Heydecker W (1968).
“Two approaches to the study of germination data.”
Proceedings of the International Seed Testing Association, 33(3), 531--540.
Ranal MA, de Santana DG (2006).
“How and why to measure the germination process?”
Brazilian Journal of Botany, 29(1), 1--11.
Timson J (1965).
“New method of recording germination data.”
Nature, 207(4993), 216.
Tucker H, Wright LN (1965).
“Estimating rapidity of germination.”
Crop Science, 5(5), 398--399.
x <- c(0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 17, 10, 7, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0)
y <- c(0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 21, 31, 38, 39, 39, 40, 40, 40, 40)
int <- 1:length(x)
# From partial germination counts
#----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Without max specified
TimsonsIndex(germ.counts = x, intervals = int, total.seeds = 50)
#> [1] 664
TimsonsIndex(germ.counts = x, intervals = int, total.seeds = 50,
modification = "none")
#> [1] 664
TimsonsIndex(germ.counts = x, intervals = int, total.seeds = 50,
modification = "labouriau")
#> [1] 8.3
TimsonsIndex(germ.counts = x, intervals = int, total.seeds = 50,
modification = "khanungar")
#> [1] 47.42857
GermRateGeorge(germ.counts = x, intervals = int)
#> [1] 332
# With max specified
TimsonsIndex(germ.counts = x, intervals = int, total.seeds = 50, max = 10)
#> [1] 344
TimsonsIndex(germ.counts = x, intervals = int, total.seeds = 50,
max = 10, modification = "none")
#> [1] 344
TimsonsIndex(germ.counts = x, intervals = int, total.seeds = 50,
max = 10, modification = "labouriau")
#> [1] 4.410256
TimsonsIndex(germ.counts = x, intervals = int, total.seeds = 50,
max = 10, modification = "khanungar")
#> [1] 24.57143
GermRateGeorge(germ.counts = x, intervals = int, max = 10)
#> [1] 172
GermRateGeorge(germ.counts = x, intervals = int, max = 14)
#> [1] 332
# From cumulative germination counts
#----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Without max specified
TimsonsIndex(germ.counts = y, intervals = int, partial = FALSE,
total.seeds = 50)
#> [1] 664
TimsonsIndex(germ.counts = y, intervals = int, partial = FALSE,
total.seeds = 50,
modification = "none")
#> [1] 664
TimsonsIndex(germ.counts = y, intervals = int, partial = FALSE,
total.seeds = 50,
modification = "labouriau")
#> [1] 8.3
TimsonsIndex(germ.counts = y, intervals = int, partial = FALSE,
total.seeds = 50,
modification = "khanungar")
#> [1] 47.42857
GermRateGeorge(germ.counts = y, intervals = int, partial = FALSE)
#> [1] 332
# With max specified
TimsonsIndex(germ.counts = y, intervals = int, partial = FALSE,
total.seeds = 50, max = 10)
#> [1] 344
TimsonsIndex(germ.counts = y, intervals = int, partial = FALSE,
total.seeds = 50,
max = 10, modification = "none")
#> [1] 344
TimsonsIndex(germ.counts = y, intervals = int, partial = FALSE,
total.seeds = 50,
max = 10, modification = "labouriau")
#> [1] 4.410256
TimsonsIndex(germ.counts = y, intervals = int, partial = FALSE,
total.seeds = 50,
max = 10, modification = "khanungar")
#> [1] 24.57143
GermRateGeorge(germ.counts = y, intervals = int, partial = FALSE,
max = 10)
#> [1] 172
GermRateGeorge(germ.counts = y, intervals = int, partial = FALSE,
max = 14)
#> [1] 332